Chemical Composition of Wood Smoke
Species g/kg wood
Carbon Monoxide 80-370
Methane 14-25
VOCs (C2-C7) 7-27
Aldehydes 0.6-5.4
Formaldehyde 0.1-0.7
Acrolein 0.02-0.1
Propionaldehyde 0.1-0.3
Butryaldehyde 0.01-1.7
Acetaldehyde 0.03-0.6
Furfural 0.2-1.6 1.6
Substituted Furans 0.15-1.7
Benzene 0.6-4.0
Alkyl Benzenes 1-6
Toluene 0.15-1.0
Acetic Acid 1.8-2.4
Formic Acid 0.06-0.08
Nitrogen Oxides (NO,NO2) 0.2-0.9
Sulfur Dioxide 0.16-0.24
Methyl chloride 0.01-0.04
Napthalene 0.24-1.6
Substituted Napthalenes 0.3-2.1
Oxygenated Monoaromatics 1 - 7
Guaiacol (and denvatives) 0.4-1.6
Phenol (and denvatives) 0.2-0.8
Syringol (and derivatives) 0.7-2.7
Catechol (and denvatives) 0.2-0.8
Total Particle Mass 7-30
Particulate Organic Carbon 2-20
Oxygenated PAHs 0.15-1
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Fluorene 4x10-5 - 1.7x10-2
Phenanthrene 2x10-5 - 3.4x10-2
Anthracene 5x10-5 - 2.1x10-5
Methylanthracenes 7xl0-5 - 8x10-5
Fluoranthene 7xl0-4- 4.2xl0-2
Pyrene 8x10-4 - 3.1x10-2
Benzo(a)anthracene 4x10-4 - 2x10-3
Chrysene 5x104- 1x10-2
Benzofluoranthenes 6x10-4- 5x10-3
Benzo(e)pyrene 2x104 - 4x10-3
Benzo(a)pyrene 3x104- 5x10-3
Perylene 5x10-5 - 3x10-3
Ideno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 2xl0-4- 1.3x10-2
Benz(ghi)perylene 3x10-5- 1.lx10-2
Coronene 8x10-4- 3x10-3
Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene 3x104- lx10-3
Retene 7x10-3 - 3x10-2
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 2x10-5 - 2xl0-3
Trace Elements
Na 3x10-3 - 1.8xl0-2
Mg 2x10-4 - 3x10-3
Al 1x10-4 - 2.4x10-2
Si 3x10-4 - 3.1x10-2
S 1x10-3 - 2.9x10-2
Cl 7x10-4 - 2.1xl0-2
K 3x10-3 - 8.6x10-2
Ca 9xl0-4 - 1.8x10-2
Ti 4x10-5 - 3x10-3
V 2xl0-5 - 4x10-3
Cr 2x10-5 - 3x10-3
Mn 7xl0-5 - 4x10-3
Fe 3x10-4 - 5x10-3
Ni lxl0-6 - lx10-3
Cu 2x10-4 - 9x10-4
Zn 7xl0-4 - 8x10-3
Br 7x10-5 - 9x10-4
Pb lx10-4 - 3x10-3
Particulate Elemental 0.3 - 5
Carbon
Normal alkanes (C24-C30) 1x10-3 - 6x10-3
Cyclic di-and triterpenoids
Dehydroabietic acid 0.01 - 0.05
Isopimaric acid 0.02 - 0.10
Lupenone 2x10-3 - 8x10-3
Friedelin 4x10-6 - 2x10-5
Chlorinated dioxins 1xl0-5 - 4x10-5
Particulate Acidity . 7x10-3 - 7x10-2
1 Some species are grouped into general classes as indicated by italics.
2 To estimate the weight percentage in the exhaust, divide the g/kg value by 80. This assumes that there are 7.3 kg combustion air per kg of wood. Major species not listed here include carbon dioxide and water vapor (about 12 and 7 weight percent respectively under the assumed conditions.
3 At ambient conditions; V = vapor, P = particulate, and VIP = vapor and/or particulate (i.e., semi-volatile).
4 DeAngelis (1980)
5 OMNI (1988)
6 Lipari (1984), Values for fireplaces.
7 Edye et al (1991). smoldering conditions; other substituted furans include 2-furanmethanol, 2 acetylfuran, 5 methyl-2furaldehyde, and benzofuran.
8 Value estimated for pine from Edye et al (1991) from reported yield relative to guaiacol, from guaiacol values of Hawthorne (1989) and assuming particulate organic carbon is 50% of total particle mass.
9 Steiber et al (1992), values computed assuming a range of 3-20 g of total extractable, speciated mass per kg wood.
10 Khalil (1983)
11 Hawthorne (1989), values for syringol for hardwood fuel; see also Hawthorne (1988).
12 Core (1989), DeAngelis (1980), Kalman and Larson (1987).
13 From one or more of the following studies: Cooke (1981), Truesdale (1984), Alfheirn et al (1984), Zeedijk (1986), Core (1989), Kalman and Larson (1987); assuming a range of 7 to 30 grams of particulate mass per kg wood when values were reported in grams per gram of particulate mass. Similar assumptions apply to references 14,15 and references 17-19.
14 Core (1989), Kalman and Larson (1987)
15 Watson (1979), Core (1989), Kalman and Larson (1987)
16 Rau (1989), Core (1989)
17 Core (1989)
18 Standley and Simoneit (1990); Dehydroabietic acid values for pine smoke, lupenone and isopimaric acid values for alder smoke and friedlin values for oaf: soot.
19 Nestrick and Lamparski (1982), from particulate condensed on flue pipes; includes TCDDs, HCDDs, H7CDDs and OCDDS.
20 Burnet et al (1986); one gram of acid = one equivalent of acid needed to reach a pH of 5.6 in extract solution.
